Seen from Space 2010

Figure 1 is a mosaic image of the Salt Flat of Uyuni (Sala de Uyuni), Bolivia, taken by ALOS (Daichi) in March and April 2010 and May 2009. The white area in the center of the image is the salt flat. The flat is 100 km north-to-south and 150 km east-to-west, with an area of 12,000 km². It is about 3,700 m above sea level. The surface is exceptionally flat and when covered by water during the rainy season (from December to May) a huge mirror appears and reflects the heavens. The cerulean water melding with the clouds and sky is a surreal vision.
The Andes, including Bolivia, was once a seabed. When the crust lifted up, creating the mountainous region, the enclosed sea became lakes. The lakes dried up and left behind the salt flats. There are still small salt lakes around the Salt Flat of Uyuni.

Figure 2 shows small islands in the salt flat. The islands are reefs and covered by coral fossils. This tells us that this area was once under the sea. The islands are called Isola des Pescado in Spanish, meaning “Fish Islands.” Big cactuses, planted by the Inca, grow on the islands. During the dry season (from June to November), the area is covered by white salt and the cactuses in the snowy landscape produce a marvelous scene.
There are some hotels made with salt in and around the salt flat. A famous hotel on the east side of the salt flat is made mostly by salt blocks, including its interior.

Figure 3 shows Uyuni City, located on the east coast of the salt flat. Its population is about 14,000 and most of them are Indigenas (indigenous people). Many old abandoned trains are seen outside of the town on the railway track extending towards the southwest terminal. This is called the “Train Cemetery.” Older trains are abandoned even further away from the town. The last train was discarded more than 100 years ago.
A British sponsored company had maintained the railroad network in Bolivia. When the railroad network was nationalized, the British engineers withdrew without transferring the technology to the local people. The railroad networks were closed and the trains were abandoned, creating the train cemetery.

Salt of the Andes

Salt of the Andes is famous for its rich and good balance of minerals. There are two kinds of salt: red (rock salt) and white (lake salt). Red salt, rich in iron, is mined in the Andes at an elevation of 3,500 m to 4,500 m. White salt is found naturally in the Salt Flat of Uyuni. Both kinds of salt were made from deep sea water.

Lithium Resources

Every endeavor of the automotive industry in recent years is concentrated on the development of electric and hybrid cars. Lithium is the indispensable source of lithium ion batteries. Much lithium is found in South America. In particular, the Uyuni area holds about half (around 5.5 million tons) of the world’s lithium deposits. The Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) offered the Bolivian Government to develop the lithium resources in Uyuni in collaboration with Bolivian companies.

Explanation of the Images:

Satellite:	Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) (Daichi)
Sensor:	Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer-2 (AVNIR-2)
Date:	1445 (UTC) on May 10, 2009 (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3) 1450 (UTC) on March 16, 2010 (Fig. 1) 1452 (UTC) on April 2, 2010 (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) 1448 (UTC) on April 14, 2010 (Fig. 1)
Ground resolution:	10 m
Map Projection:	Universal Transversal Mercator (UTM)

AVNIR-2 has four observation bands. Figures 1 and 2 are first produced by assigning red to Band 3 (610 to 690 nm), green to Band 2 (520 to 600 nm) and blue to Band 1 (420 to 500 nm). Then those composite images are decomposed into hue, saturation, and intensity. The intensity portion is replaced by Band 4 (760 to 890 nm). Snow and ice have strong reflections. If the original color images are not decomposed, snow and ice portions appear pure white. The replaced images have natural coloring as if seen by the naked eye. Each color indicates the following ground objects:

Dark Bluish-grey:	Urban areas
Reddish-brown:	Bare grounds or rocky tract
White:	Salt or cloud
Black:	Water surface