ALOS-2

Calibration Result of ALOS-2

Calibration Result of ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 JAXA Standard Products

JAXA/EORC are regularly conducting the calibration and validation of the PALSAR-2 and its standard products using the data over the calibration sites in the world. This page reports evaluation results of the PALSAR-2 standard products and radiometric calibration factors to convert digital number to backscatter value.

Update Information

Calbration factor

Digital number in the PALSAR-2 JAXA standard product is converted to backscattering coefficient (sigma naught, sigma zero) using the following equations:

Conversion from digital number (DN) to the backscattering coefficient (sigma-naught) (dB) can be done by the following equations. (1)

(for L1.5, L2.1)

Conversion from digital number (DN) to the backscattering coefficient (sigma-naught) (dB) can be done by the following equations. (2)

(for L1.1)

σ0: Backscattering coefficient (Sigma naught or Sigma zero) [unit: dB]
DN: Digital number (or raw pixel value)
CF1, A: Calibration factor [unit: dB]

Table 1: Values of CF1 and A (Mar. 28, 2017)
Calibration factor Value [dB]
CF1 -83.0
A 32.0
Version of the PALSAR-2 processing software can be checked in "PALSAR-2 Product Processing Software Release Note" in the "Update Information" section or in the field No.12 of the file descriptor records of each CEOS file.

Notes on the usage pf PALSAR-2 standard product

(Update: Dec. 3, 2024)

Title Content
Announcement of deviation from orbit control window ALOS-2 has sometime deviate from nominal orbit control window (500m tube) due to "debris avoidance maneuver", "Influence of solar activity".
If you use out of nominal orbit control window period data for interferometry analysis, please note for accuracy result decreased due to long Baseline distance than the normal observation.
Please check History of ALOS-2 Orbit keeping range deviation from Feb 2023 as below.

Reference: "Announcement of deviation from orbit control window"
Low brightness in data acquired by beam U1-5 left-looking observation of Stripmap 3-m mode There had been an issue of low brightness in data acquired by beam U1-5 left-looking observation of Stripmap 3-m mode.
This issue was corrected by reconfiguring the ALOS-2 system parameters.
Data has been acquired correctly since October 2021, but please note that the brightness is not correct in the U1-5 left-looking data observed before that date.
Usage limitation of ScanSAR mode products due to the modification of burst control timing on February 8, 2015. When using ScanSAR mode products observed before February 7, 2015, interferometry processing is possible only during some observation periods.

Reference: "Effective data for interferometric analysis with PALSAR-2 ScanSAR mode"
Usage limitation of Stripmap [10 m] mode (beam F2-6) products due to the center frequency modification on June 1, 2015. ① Interferometry between the beam F2-6 and ScanSAR mode is not possible for the observation before May 31, 2015.
② Interferometry of beam F2-6 images before and after changing center frequency on June 1, 2015 is not possible.

Reference: "Change of the center frequency for Stripmap Fine 10-m mode (F2-6)"
Image quality degradation of due to the modification of attenuator (ATT) setting for ScanSAR mode. ScanSAR cross-polarization images observed before ATT setting modification on April 11, 2018 sometimes become dark and/or blurred over low backscattering areas (e.g., ocean).

Reference: "Change of SAR attenuator setting for ScanSAR cross-polarization mode" (PDF file, 325KB)
Degradation of radiometric and geometric performance due to ionospheric effects Variations in the total electron content (TEC) can change the backscatter coefficient and pixel position. When comparing images from two separate periods, the backscatter coefficient and pixel position may deviate from the general accuracy range.

Update July 2022: TEC has been increasing since late 2021, and geometric errors have been increasing. Please refer to the following document for evaluation results and notes on data usage.
Reference: "Isoguchi et al. (2019). Effect of Faraday Rotation on L-Band Ocean Normalized Radar Cross Section and Wind Speed Detection. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing."
Image quality degradation due to radio frequency interference (RFI) from the ground RFI is removed in the standard product processing of JAXA, but when RFI is very strong, it may not be completely removed and appeared as noise on the image.

Reference: "Natsuaki et al. (2017). An autocorrelation-based radio frequency interference detection and removal method in azimuth-frequency domain for SAR image. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing."

References